Passwordless SSH and Jump servers

shell
ssh

Written: September 09, 2020

Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol primarily used to do remote command-line, login, and remote command execution. In this post, we will learn how to connect to a remote machine with ssh without entering a password every time. We will also learn how to set up your ssh config for jump servers.

We can use SSH keys to log in to a remote machine instead of a password. SSH keys provide a more secure way of logging into a server than using a password alone. A password can eventually be cracked with a brute force attack, SSH keys are nearly impossible to decipher by brute force alone.

SSH keys come in a pair: a public and a private key. You can place the public key on any server, and then unlock it by connecting to it with a client that already has the private key. When the two matches up, the system unlocks without the need for a password.

In this scenario, we are trying to connect to a server machine using our laptop (called the host).

host-server

Checking

First, we need to check whether the host already has a generated ssh key or not.

ls ~/.ssh/id_rsa*

If you see these two files id_rsa and id_rsa.pub. Then it may have been generated before.

Generating

If you don't have these files or .ssh directory in your home then you need to generate a key first.

ssh-keygen -t rsa

You can increase security even more by protecting the private key with a passphrase.

Now, if you have left things to default, it will generate these two files in ~/.ssh:

Private key (id_rsa)
Public key (id_rsa.pub)

Authorizing

Now to get authorized using keys we need to copy the content of our Public key to the server. Let's assume our server ip is 192.168.0.123 and the username is user.

We can use the cat command with pipe to copy the contents of our public key to the server.

cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh user@192.168.0.123 "cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys"

Once you entered the password for one more time, you can now log in to the server without a password.

ssh user@192.168.0.123

Managing multiple servers

Managing multiple remote servers requires a very good memory to remember connection options like usernames, remote addresses, ports, and further details. So you may need to document all the details for each server.

The SSH config file can simplify SSH connections. Create or edit ~/.ssh/config file and add

Host web
    HostName 192.168.0.123
    User user

Now you can just directly connect using the alias.

ssh web

You can also specify port if a ssh connection requires it.

Host web
    HostName 192.168.0.123
    User user

Host db
    HostName 192.168.0.124
    User user
    Port 2222

Jump server

A jump host (also known as a jump server) is an intermediary host or an SSH gateway to a remote network, through which a connection can be made to another host in a dissimilar security zone, for example, a demilitarized zone (DMZ). It bridges two dissimilar security zones and offers controlled access between them.

A classic scenario is connecting from your laptop to a server in your company’s internal network, which is highly secured with firewalls to a DMZ. You may access it via a jump host.

host-jump-main

Usually you can ssh it directly

ssh -J jumpuser@jumpserver:port username@server:port

We can specify a jump server as a proxy

Host alias
	User username
	HostName server
	ProxyCommand ssh -W %h:%p jumpuser@jumpserver:port

You can find more information about the config file here.